What is Intrusion Detection?Intrusion detection is a set of techniques and methods that are used to detect suspicious activity both at the network and host level.
Intrusion detection systems fall into two basic categories:
signature-based intrusion detection systems and anomaly detection systems. Intruders have signatures, like computer viruses, that can be detected using software. You try to find data packets that contain any known intrusion-related signatures or anomalies related to Internet protocols. Based upon a set of signatures and rules, the detection system is able to find and log suspicious activity and generate alerts.
Anomaly-based intrusion detection usually depends on packet anomalies present in protocol header parts. In some cases these methods produce better results compared to signature-based IDS. Usually an intrusion detection system captures data from the network and applies its rules to that data or detects anomalies in it. Snort is primarily a rule-based IDS, however input plug-ins are present to detect anomalies in protocol headers.
Snort uses rules stored in text files that can be modified by a text editor. Rules are grouped in categories. Rules belonging to each category are stored in separate files. These files are then included in a main configuration file called snort.conf. Snort reads these rules at the start-up time and builds internal data structures or chains to apply these rules to captured data. Finding signatures and using them in rules is a tricky job, since the more rules you use, the more processing power is required to process captured data in real time. It is important to implement as many signatures as you can using as few rules as possible. Snort comes with a rich set of pre-defined rules to detect intrusion
activity and you are free to add your own rules at will. You can also remove some of the built-in rules to avoid false alarms.
Some DefinitionsBefore we go into details of intrusion detection and Snort, you need to learn some definitions related to security. These definitions will be used in this book repeatedly in the coming chapters. A basic understanding of these terms is necessary to digest other complicated security concepts.
IDSIntrusion Detection System or IDS is software, hardware or combination of both
used to detect intruder activity. Snort is an open source IDS available to the general public. An IDS may have different capabilities depending upon how complex and sophisticated the components are. IDS appliances that are a combination of hardware and software are available from many companies. As mentioned earlier, an IDS may use signatures, anomaly-based techniques or both.
Network IDS or NIDSNIDS are intrusion detection systems that capture data packets traveling on the
network media (cables, wireless) and match them to a database of signatures. Depending upon whether a packet is matched with an intruder signature, an alert is generated or the packet is logged to a file or database. One major use of Snort is as a NIDS.
Host IDS or HIDSHost-based intrusion detection systems or HIDS are installed as agents on a host. These intrusion detection systems can look into system and application log files to detect any intruder activity. Some of these systems are reactive, meaning that they inform you only when something has happened. Some HIDS are proactive; they can sniff the network traffic coming to a particular host on which the HIDS is installed and alert you in real time.
SignaturesSignature is the pattern that you look for inside a data packet. A signature is used to detect one or multiple types of attacks. For example, the presence of “scripts/iisad-min” in a packet going to your web server may indicate an intruder activity. Signatures may be present in different parts of a data packet depending upon the nature of the attack. For example, you can find signatures in the IP header, transport layer header (TCP or UDP header) and/or application layer header or payload. You will learn more about signatures later in this book. Usually IDS depends upon signatures to find out about intruder activity. Some vendor-specific IDS need updates from the vendor to add new signatures when a new type of attack is discovered. In other IDS, like Snort, you can update signatures your-self.
AlertsAlerts are any sort of user notification of an intruder activity. When an IDS detects an intruder, it has to inform security administrator about this using alerts. Alerts may be in the form of pop-up windows, logging to a console, sending e-mail and so on. Alerts are also stored in log files or databases where they can be viewed later on by security experts. You will find detailed information about alerts later in this book. Snort can generate alerts in many forms and are controlled by output plug-ins. Snort can also send the same alert to multiple destinations. For example, it is possible to log alerts into a database and generate SNMP traps simultaneously. Some plug-ins can also modify firewall configuration so that offending hosts are blocked at the firewall or
router level.
LogsThe log messages are usually saved in file. By default Snort saves these messages under /var/log/snort directory. However, the location of log messages can be changed using the command line switch when starting Snort. Log messages can be saved either in text or binary format. The binary files can be viewed later on using Snort or tcpdump program. A new tool called Barnyard is also available now to analyze binary log files generated by Snort. Logging in binary format is faster because it saves some formatting overhead. In high-speed Snort implementations, logging in binary mode is necessary.
False AlarmsFalse alarms are alerts generated due to an indication that is not an intruder activity. For example, misconfigured internal hosts may sometimes broadcast messages that trigger a rule resulting in generation of a false alert. Some routers, like Linksys home routers, generate lots of UPnP related alerts. To avoid false alarms, you have to modify and tune different default rules. In some cases you may need to disable some of the rules to avoid false alarms.
SensorThe machine on which an intrusion detection system is running is also called thesensor in the literature because it is used to “sense” the network. Later in this book if the word sensor is used, it refers to a computer or other device where Snort is running.Where IDS Should be Placed in Network Topology Depending upon your network topology, you may want to position intrusion detection systems at one or more places. It also depends upon what type of intrusion activities you want to detect: internal, external or both. For example, if you want to detect only external intrusion activities, and you have only one router connecting to the Internet, the best place for an intrusion detection system may be just inside the router or a firewall. If you have multiple paths to the Internet, you may want to place one IDS box at every entry point. However if you want to detect internal threats as well, you may want to place a box in every network segment. In many cases you don’t need to have intrusion detection activity in all network segments and you may want to limit it only to sensitive network areas. Note that more intrusion detection systems mean more work and more maintenance costs. Your decision really depends upon your security policy, which defines what you really want to protect from hackers. Below Figure shows typical locations where you can place an intrusion detection system.
Typical locations for an intrusion detection system.Honey PotsHoney pots are systems used to lure hackers by exposing known vulnerabilities
deliberately. Once a hacker finds a honey pot, it is more likely that the hacker will stick around for some time. During this time you can log hacker activities to find out his/her actions and techniques. Once you know these techniques, you can use this information later on to harden security on your actual servers.
There are different ways to build and place honey pots. The honey pot should have common services running on it. These common services include Telnet server (port 23), Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) server (port 80), File Transfer Protocol (FTP) server (port 21) and so on. You should place the honey pot somewhere close to your production server so that the hackers can easily take it for a real server. For example, if your production servers have Internet Protocol (IP) addresses 192.168.10.21 and 192.168.10.23, you can assign an IP address of 192.168.10.22 to the honey pot.You can also configure your firewall and/or router to redirect traffic on some ports to a honey pot where the intruder thinks that he/she is connecting to a real server. You should be careful in creating an alert mechanism so that when your honey pot is compromised, you are notified immediately. It is a good idea to keep log files on some other machine so that when the honey pot is compromised, the hacker does not have the ability to delete these
files.
